{"id":122938,"date":"2025-12-22T17:13:37","date_gmt":"2025-12-22T16:13:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/medea\/la-situazione-in-bulgaria-sorveglianza-delle-frontiere-respingimenti-e-attuazione-del-patto-europeo-dilyana-giteva\/"},"modified":"2026-01-19T11:42:42","modified_gmt":"2026-01-19T10:42:42","slug":"la-situazione-in-bulgaria-sorveglianza-delle-frontiere-respingimenti-e-attuazione-del-patto-europeo-dilyana-giteva","status":"publish","type":"medea","link":"https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/en\/medea\/la-situazione-in-bulgaria-sorveglianza-delle-frontiere-respingimenti-e-attuazione-del-patto-europeo-dilyana-giteva\/","title":{"rendered":"The Situation in Bulgaria: Border Surveillance, Pushbacks, and Implementation of the European Pact \u2013 Dilyana Giteva"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The presentation analyses the migration situation at Bulgarian borders in the context of the country’s entry into the Schengen area (1 January 2025). Bulgaria, situated along the Eastern Mediterranean route, has intensified surveillance of the Turkish-Bulgarian border through advanced technologies (drones, thermal systems) with the support of Frontex, the EU, France, and the United States. Concurrently, statistics reveal a seventy-one per cent collapse in arrivals and in asylum applications (from 22,000 in 2023 to approximately 1,200 in 2025). The contribution raises serious human rights concerns: racial profiling, pushbacks disguised as “voluntary returns” (52,000 out of 55,000 individuals in 2024), documented violence, lack of effective investigations, and absence of public oversight over surveillance technologies. Particular attention is devoted to the implementation plan for the EU Pact on Migration and Asylum, which envisages unified procedures, an expansion of accelerated procedures, and a paradigm shift: from the presumption of asylum seeker to that of migrant. Alarm is raised by the construction of a closed detention centre with 585 places for asylum seekers, in a context where no time limits exist for detention during the asylum procedure.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Dilyana Giteva<\/strong> is a lawyer and advocacy expert at the Center for Legal Aid \u2013 Voice in Bulgaria. The Center for Legal Aid \u2013 Voice in Bulgaria is a Bulgarian civil society organisation that provides free legal counselling and representation to asylum seekers, refugees, and migrants, in both administrative and judicial proceedings, at the national and European levels. The organisation also engages in advocacy activities to promote institutional practices and legislation in conformity with international and European standards on international protection.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Re-writing Borders \u2013 Unmapping the map<\/h3>\n\n\n
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Dilyana Giteva’s presentation was part of the event Re-writing Borders \u2013 Unmapping the Map<\/em>, organised by the Medea Project from 3 to 6 July 2025 in Trieste. With the aim of reflecting on European migration policies, their implications for the rights of foreign nationals, and their impact on democratic resilience, the event brought together practitioners, lawyers, and activists working in support of foreign nationals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A portion of the sessions addressed the internal borders of the European Union\u2014now a space of free movement reserved exclusively for European citizens or for individuals whose physical appearance can be associated with “whiteness.” We have documented this phenomenon since 2015, reporting on and challenging Member State policies that have progressively restricted the mobility of foreign nationals through disproportionate recourse to “exceptional” measures, such as the reintroduction of border controls, or to unlawful practices, such as informal readmissions and, more broadly, pushbacks at borders. This work has been carried out through advocacy initiatives, legal analysis, and strategic litigation.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n

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The event<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Geographical Context and Migration Route<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bulgaria, as a country bordering Turkey, constitutes a crucial segment of the Eastern Mediterranean migration route. Individuals cross the country primarily from Turkey, but also from Greece, before attempting to continue towards Serbia to the west or Romania to the north.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

External border surveillance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bulgaria is actively strengthening surveillance of its external borders with the support of the European Union and France, deploying advanced technologies such as drones and modern information systems. The official justifications adduced for such investments include the detection of irregular migration, the prevention of illegal border crossings, the combating of cross-border crimes (human trafficking, drug trafficking, and arms smuggling), and, not least, the safeguarding of Schengen borders. Bulgaria became a full member of the Schengen area on 1 January of this year, a circumstance that has intensified efforts to comply with the required standards. Joint teams composed of Bulgarian, Austrian, Romanian, Hungarian, and other national personnel are currently operating along the Bulgarian-Turkish border.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the existing control infrastructure is a fence along the Bulgarian-Turkish border, extending for over 250 kilometres. With regard to new technological equipment, last May the Bulgarian border police received thirty-four drones equipped with daytime cameras for scanning vast areas, fitted with colour and thermal imaging systems. On 26 May, Frontex and the Bulgarian border police launched a new project to test the deployment of this equipment, as part of Frontex’s strategy for the use of next-generation European border surveillance systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The official rhetoric accompanying these technologies is significant. The drones are described as equipped with “advanced sensors and communication systems that provide real-time surveillance, significantly enhancing the operational situation.” The Executive Director of Frontex stated: “This is not just about seeing more, but about seeing smarter.” The drones are expected to support the detection of irregular border crossings and cross-border crimes, enabling national authorities to act swiftly and effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December of last year, the United States provided Bulgaria with updated equipment. The official website states that the delivery of this next-generation equipment “will enhance Bulgaria’s capability to identify individuals entering and residing illegally in the country” and to “determine whether they have links to terrorism or serious criminal activity.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Statistical data<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

AIDA data relating to irregular migrants apprehended in Bulgaria reveal significant trends that warrant in-depth analysis. With regard to minors, in 2021 there were 3,700 unaccompanied minors; in the period January to June of the current year, legal representatives were appointed for 165 unaccompanied minors. In Bulgaria, unaccompanied minors who are third-country nationals are entitled to legal representation by a lawyer from the National Legal Aid Bureau. Last year, over 2,000 minors entered the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With regard to adults, a significant decline is recorded: applications have decreased tenfold, from 12,000 to 2,000. Overall, the number of persons entering or attempting to enter the territory has decreased by seventy-one per cent: in 2023 there were 175,000 persons, whereas in 2024 the number dropped drastically. Asylum applications fell from 22,000 in 2023 to approximately 1,200 in the current year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Human rights concern<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

At the border with Turkey, individuals may be subjected to profiling on the basis of skin colour or presumed origin. Some migrants have reported being immediately pushed back without any attempt to verify situations of vulnerability or asylum claims. Such practices raise multiple questions relating to human rights, protection against discrimination, EU anti-discrimination law, and the European Convention on Human Rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A further critical issue concerns the absence of public oversight over surveillance technologies and the lack of clear safeguards to ensure compliance with data protection requirements. Several reports raise concerns regarding the potential misuse of equipment, including the tracking of persons not suspected of any wrongdoing and the targeting of civil society representatives or humanitarian workers at the border.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With regard to the treatment of persons attempting to cross the border, several incidents have been documented, including physical violence, ill-treatment, failure to render assistance, stripping of clothing, confiscation of personal belongings (money, mobile phones), and forced separation from families. Such measures have been found to be applied also to unaccompanied migrant minors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ministerial Statistics and Pushbacks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Since 2023, the Ministry of the Interior has begun publishing monthly statistics on the number of third-country nationals. According to official data, individuals “voluntarily return” to Turkey. Statistics from last year indicate that 55,000 persons from third countries attempted to enter the territory and 52,000 of them purportedly returned voluntarily. The figures themselves raise questions as to the actual meaning of the term “voluntary” in these contexts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no independent mechanism to verify whether these individuals actually return to Turkey of their own volition. Local NGOs report that the vast majority of these practices in fact constitute pushbacks from Bulgarian territory. Reports are submitted to the competent authorities to investigate ill-treatment and deaths at the border, but unfortunately no thorough investigations are conducted. Numerous concerns arise regarding the effectiveness of investigations under the European Convention on Human Rights: proceedings are typically closed on the grounds of insufficient evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implementation of the EU Pact on asylum and migration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Bulgarian implementation plan for the EU Pact on Migration and Asylum was published last December, adopted without any participation of civil society organisations, human rights activists, or service providers. The plan envisages legislative amendments that give rise to concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the principal innovations concerns the unification of procedures: currently there exists an asylum procedure and, in the event of rejection, a separate procedure for return; under the new legislation, not yet adopted, there will be a single integrated procedure for migration and asylum. Furthermore, an expansion of the scope of application of accelerated procedures is envisaged, which in Bulgaria raises serious concerns regarding access to legal aid and independent judicial review.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Bulgarian implementation plan, in accordance with the Pact, delegates new responsibilities to the respective authorities and effects a paradigm shift: from the presumption that those who arrive are asylum seekers, to the presumption that they are migrants, with significant consequences for the situation of the persons concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Detention facilities<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The budget provides for the reconstruction of facilities for screening at borders and within the territory, as well as staff training. A significant concern relates to the preparation of closed centres for the Bulgarian Asylum Agency, which implies that persons undergoing asylum procedures will be detained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike administrative detention for immigration purposes, for which legislation clearly provides a maximum limit of six months, extendable up to eighteen months, for persons in asylum procedures there is no time limit on detention. Already at present, cases are recorded of individuals detained for disproportionately long periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A new closed facility with a capacity of 585 places is being prepared. Current facilities generally accommodate twenty to thirty persons; a facility twenty times larger is therefore being prepared. Considering that in 2023 asylum applications numbered approximately 22,000 and this year stand at around 1,200 to 2,000, a facility with 585 places means that potentially almost every asylum seeker could be detained. Experience teaches that, when a facility exists, authorities tend to make full use of its capacity, as funding is linked to utilisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In summary, a progressive isolation of civil society and grassroots organisations is observed, accompanied by a shift in approach from asylum to migration. On the integration front, traditionally deficient in Bulgaria, the situation appears to have further deteriorated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La situazione migratoria alle frontiere bulgare nel contesto dell’ingresso del Paese nell’area Schengen.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":120353,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","categories":[2570],"tags":[2586,2571,2572,2587,2574,2575],"tipologia":[1546],"categoria_medea":[2576],"sezione2":[1542],"tags_medea":[2588,2521,2589,2590,2591,2592,2577],"class_list":["post-122938","medea","type-medea","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-asilo-e-protezione-internazionale-en","tag-bulgaria-en","tag-progetto-medea-en","tag-schengen-en","tag-sorveglianza-di-frontiera-en","tag-unione-europea-en","tag-video-en","tipologia-notizie","categoria_medea-formazioni-ed-eventi-en","sezione2-notizie-primo-piano","tags_medea-bulgaria-en","tags_medea-codice-frontiere-schengen-en","tags_medea-esternalizzazione-en","tags_medea-respingimenti-en","tags_medea-respingimenti-a-catena-en","tags_medea-rotta-balcanica-en","tags_medea-unmapping-the-map-en","infinite-scroll-item","no-featured-image-padding","resize-featured-image"],"featured_image_urls_v2":{"full":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Df-medea.png",5246,2362,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Df-medea-360x162.png",360,162,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Df-medea-840x378.png",840,378,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Df-medea-768x346.png",768,346,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Df-medea-1200x540.png",1200,540,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Df-medea-1536x692.png",1536,692,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Df-medea-2048x922.png",2048,922,true],"homeimage":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Df-medea-400x227.png",400,227,true]},"post_excerpt_stackable_v2":"

La situazione migratoria alle frontiere bulgare nel contesto dell’ingresso del Paese nell’area Schengen.<\/p>\n","category_list_v2":"Asilo \/ Protezione internazionale<\/a>","author_info_v2":{"name":"Matteo Astuti","url":"https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/en\/author\/matteo\/"},"comments_num_v2":"0 comments","yoast_head":"\nThe Situation in Bulgaria: Border Surveillance, Pushbacks, and Implementation of the European Pact \u2013 Dilyana Giteva - Asgi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/en\/medea\/la-situazione-in-bulgaria-sorveglianza-delle-frontiere-respingimenti-e-attuazione-del-patto-europeo-dilyana-giteva\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Situation in Bulgaria: Border Surveillance, Pushbacks, and Implementation of the European Pact \u2013 Dilyana Giteva - 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