{"id":122070,"date":"2025-10-23T17:05:05","date_gmt":"2025-10-23T15:05:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/?post_type=medea&#038;p=122070"},"modified":"2025-12-04T18:15:07","modified_gmt":"2025-12-04T17:15:07","slug":"legal-disputes-against-the-reinstatement-of-internal-border-controls-christoph-tometten","status":"publish","type":"medea","link":"https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/en\/medea\/legal-disputes-against-the-reinstatement-of-internal-border-controls-christoph-tometten\/","title":{"rendered":"Legal disputes against the reinstatement of internal border controls \u2013 Christoph Tometten"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-29ede6a1\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-2b64abc0\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9c5f3e16\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-da1dc77c\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-dfebece5\">\n\n<p>Reinstatement of internal border controls and compatibility with the Schengen Borders Code. In this article, we present the contribution by Christoph Tometten, a Berlin-based lawyer, who, through an examination of litigation cases in Germany and France, illustrates the evident tensions between the practices introduced by Member States and European legislation, while also highlighting the limitations of effective remedies to challenge such practices.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Contenziosi contro il ripristino dei controlli alle frontiere interne\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IR2DDX3tXVE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Christoph Tometten&#8217;s presentation concerns the crucial topic of the reinstatement of internal border controls, the compatibility between reinstatement\/extension practices and the content of the Schengen Borders Code, also in light of the interpretation by the European Court of Justice. Through an examination of litigation cases in Germany and France, the speaker illustrates the evident tensions between the practices introduced by Member States and European legislation, while also highlighting the limitations of effective remedies to challenge such practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A brief premise. Issues related to racial profiling will not be addressed, as German jurisprudence already contains decisions establishing its illegality in border controls and other contexts. Furthermore, the topics of refoulement and asylum procedures will not be covered, as these will be the subject of Meral Zeller&#8217;s presentation. The relevance of this topic is crucial: if border control is illegal, there is no legitimate basis for refoulement and for any other legal procedure at internal borders, whether concerning EU citizens, third-country nationals, or refugees.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-19db2da3 alignfull\">\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-1ae2d621 gb-container-testo-pagine-840\">\n\n<h3 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-84b8bd75 gb-headline-text\">Re-writing Borders \u2013 Unmapping the map<\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-wrapper gb-grid-wrapper-dad63212\">\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-9b8f14d4\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-9b8f14d4\">\n\n<p>Christoph Tometten&#8217;s presentation took place at the event Re-writing Borders \u2013 Unmapping the map organized by Progetto Medea, from July 3 to 6, 2025, in Trieste. With the aim of reflecting on European migration policies, their impact on the rights of foreign nationals and on democracy&#8217;s stability, the event brought together operators, lawyers, and activists supporting foreign nationals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Part of the meetings concerned the European Union&#8217;s internal borders, which have become a space of free movement exclusive to European citizens or citizens with somatic features associated with &#8220;whiteness.&#8221; We have documented this since 2015, reporting on and challenging Member States&#8217; policies that have progressively reduced the mobility of foreign nationals by resorting in a completely disproportionate manner to &#8220;exceptional&#8221; instruments, such as the reinstatement of border controls, or illegitimate ones, such as informal readmissions and pushbacks at borders in general, through advocacy tools or legal analysis and litigation actions.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gb-grid-column gb-grid-column-75390f0a\"><div class=\"gb-container gb-container-75390f0a\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/medea\/re-writing-borders-unmapping-the-map\/\">The event<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Stru<\/strong>cture of the intervention<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The discussion will be structured as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>regulatory background, with references to the old and new Schengen Borders Code;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the &#8220;Landespolizeidirektion Steiermark&#8221; case before the European Court of Justice and the litigation that preceded and followed this case in Austria;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>previous and ongoing litigation in Germany;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>litigation in France;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>challenges and future prospects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Legal framework<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Article 3 of the Treaty on European Union establishes that the European Union shall offer its citizens an area of freedom, security and justice without internal frontiers, in which the free movement of persons is ensured. This principle constitutes one of the central foundations of the European Union and should represent a priority issue for all citizens and for every person present in EU territory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The general principle of the absence of border controls within the EU, at least in the Schengen area, is further specified in the Schengen Borders Code, which establishes various provisions on how this absence can be implemented while respecting public security and health, while leaving room for specific modalities for the reintroduction of border controls according to precise criteria and for limited periods. This regulation was provided for in the previous Schengen Borders Code and remains valid in the reformed version that entered into force last year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The absence of border controls in the Schengen area is today seriously compromised: since 2015, various Member States have reintroduced and extended border controls. Many Member States, including Austria and Germany, have maintained border controls since 2015, not at all borders but at least on some strategic sections. In the case of Germany, starting from the border with Austria, controls have expanded and are currently active on all land borders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Landespolizeidirektion Steiermark case<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Austria has reintroduced and continuously extended border controls with Hungary and Slovenia since September 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On August 29, 2019, the appellant was subjected to a border control and fined for refusing to show his identity document to the border police. The fine of 36 euros gave rise to an important case before the European Court of Justice. On November 16, 2019, the appellant was again subjected to control at the same border. On this second occasion, he did not refuse to identify himself, but carefully documented the details of the control: name or number of the officer, precise time, and exact location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The appellant subsequently filed two appeals with the Administrative Court of Styria, competent for that part of Austria: the first seeking the annulment of the fine, arguing that neither Union law nor Austrian law, interpreted in light of EU law, imposes the obligation to show an identity card; the second seeking a declaration of illegality of the specific controls he had undergone. This is a specific mechanism of Austrian law, also existing in Germany and probably in other Member States, which allows a court to verify the legitimacy of a police measure even when such measure has ceased to have concrete effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Administrative Court of Styria considered that it could not decide based solely on Austrian law and, as this was a matter of EU law, submitted a request for a preliminary ruling to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. The questions submitted concerned the lawfulness of border controls that extend beyond six months under EU law and, in case of illegality, whether border police could still proceed with the identification of persons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The European Court of Justice addressed the case with particular attention, referring the case to the Grand Chamber of 27 judges and holding a hearing in Luxembourg. The ruling stated that, according to the Schengen Borders Code, border controls become illegitimate if they exceed the duration of six months, unless a new threat to public security manifests that is substantially different from the previous one. The logic is that a six-month period provides the Member State with the necessary time to adopt alternative measures to border controls to address the threat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Consequently, the Austrian Administrative Court annulled the fine, ordered Austria to pay legal costs, and declared the border controls illegal. Despite this, Austria has not suspended border control practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Litigation cases in Germany<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Germany introduced border controls in 2015. The same appellant mentioned previously was subjected to control on the train near Passau on June 11, 2022, while traveling from Austria to Germany; he therefore challenged that control before the Administrative Court of Munich. Since in Germany it is not practice to impose fines at borders, it was not possible to request the annulment of a fine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Administrative Court declared the appeal inadmissible on January 31, 2024, for procedural reasons, considering that the appellant had not demonstrated the likelihood of being subjected to new controls in the future. This decision appears questionable, considering that the appellant frequently travels across international borders in the Schengen area and that Germany still maintains border controls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The case was brought on appeal before the Higher Administrative Court of Bavaria, which on March 18, 2025, declared the control illegitimate. The decision constitutes a significant victory: it is a ruling of relatively high level that affirms the illegitimacy of the control carried out in 2022, even though it has binding effect only with respect to that single episode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another proceeding is pending before the Administrative Court of Dresden, brought by a different appellant and concerning border controls between Germany and Poland. The case presents particular characteristics: the appellant resides in G\u00f6rlitz, a cross-border city on the border with Poland, and crosses the border several times a week, making the argument about the improbability of future controls irrelevant. The contested control took place after the entry into force of the new Schengen Borders Code, which eliminated the requirement of a \u00abnew threat\u00bb and imposes a more detailed risk assessment. In this case, such assessment was not carried out, since the notification of the extension of controls had been adopted before the entry into force of the new Code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Litigation cases in Franc<\/strong>e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In France, there is litigation against border controls with different procedural modalities: French procedural rules allow civil society actors, such as the NGOs GISTI and Cimade, to directly challenge the legitimacy of a decree ordering the reintroduction or extension of border controls. This procedural mechanism is not provided for in Germany or Austria, where it is only possible to contest the legitimacy of a specific control and not the institution of controls as a whole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The NGOs have repeatedly brought appeals on the legitimacy of controls before the Conseil d&#8217;\u00c9tat in 2017, 2019, 2022 and 2025. The Conseil d&#8217;\u00c9tat, however, considered that the terrorist threat excludes the applicability of the provisions of the Schengen Borders Code, a reasoning that avoided referring the matter to the Court of Justice of the European Union. This choice appears problematic: the decision is brief, does not address in detail the issues arising from the Court of Justice&#8217;s jurisprudence, and raises questions of compliance with Union law that are not subject to effective appeal in national or European courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Challenges and future perspectives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The French situation remains substantially blocked: GISTI and Cimade regularly continue their appeals, but it is unlikely that the Conseil d&#8217;\u00c9tat will change its orientation unless a Member State or the European Parliament brings an action before the Court of Justice of the European Union against France.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Austria and Germany, challenges relating to specific border controls have greater chances of success, as demonstrated by rulings from higher courts; the main limitation, however, is procedural: it is only possible to contest individual measures, proceedings are lengthy (on average at least a year and a half) and involve costs. In case of a favorable outcome, the State reimburses procedural expenses and legal fees; in case of defeat, the appellant risks having to bear the costs, generally around 500 euros for this type of proceeding. This represents a significant burden for those seeking justice, who often obtain only a declaration of illegality of state action without receiving material compensation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Reinstatement of internal border controls and compatibility with the Schengen Borders Code. In this article, we present the contribution by Christoph Tometten, a Berlin-based lawyer, who, through an examination of litigation cases in Germany and France, illustrates the evident tensions between the practices introduced by Member States and European legislation, while also highlighting the limitations of effective remedies to challenge &#8230; <a title=\"Legal disputes against the reinstatement of internal border controls \u2013 Christoph Tometten\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/en\/medea\/legal-disputes-against-the-reinstatement-of-internal-border-controls-christoph-tometten\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Legal disputes against the reinstatement of internal border controls \u2013 Christoph Tometten\">Leggi tutto<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":122074,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","categories":[2525],"tags":[],"tipologia":[],"categoria_medea":[2576],"sezione2":[],"tags_medea":[2578,2577],"class_list":["post-122070","medea","type-medea","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-allontamento-espulsione-en","categoria_medea-formazioni-ed-eventi-en","tags_medea-schengen-border-code","tags_medea-unmapping-the-map-en","infinite-scroll-item","no-featured-image-padding","resize-featured-image"],"featured_image_urls_v2":{"full":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-23-alle-16.57.01.jpg",1926,966,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-23-alle-16.57.01-360x181.jpg",360,181,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-23-alle-16.57.01-840x421.jpg",840,421,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-23-alle-16.57.01-768x385.jpg",768,385,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-23-alle-16.57.01-1200x602.jpg",1200,602,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-23-alle-16.57.01-1536x770.jpg",1536,770,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-23-alle-16.57.01.jpg",1926,966,false],"homeimage":["https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-23-alle-16.57.01-400x227.jpg",400,227,true]},"post_excerpt_stackable_v2":"<p>Reinstatement of internal border controls and compatibility with the Schengen Borders Code. In this article, we present the contribution by Christoph Tometten, a Berlin-based lawyer, who, through an examination of litigation cases in Germany and France, illustrates the evident tensions between the practices introduced by Member States and European legislation, while also highlighting the limitations of effective remedies to challenge such practices. Christoph Tometten&#8217;s presentation concerns the crucial topic of the reinstatement of internal border controls, the compatibility between reinstatement\/extension practices and the content of the Schengen Borders Code, also in light of the interpretation by the European Court of&hellip;<\/p>\n","category_list_v2":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/en\/tematica\/allontamento-espulsione-en\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Allontanamento \/ Espulsione<\/a>","author_info_v2":{"name":"Matteo Astuti","url":"https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/en\/author\/matteo\/"},"comments_num_v2":"0 comments","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Legal disputes against the reinstatement of internal border controls \u2013 Christoph Tometten - Asgi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asgi.it\/en\/medea\/legal-disputes-against-the-reinstatement-of-internal-border-controls-christoph-tometten\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Legal disputes against the reinstatement of internal border controls \u2013 Christoph Tometten - Asgi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Reinstatement of internal border controls and compatibility with the Schengen Borders Code. 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In this article, we present the contribution by Christoph Tometten, a Berlin-based lawyer, who, through an examination of litigation cases in Germany and France, illustrates the evident tensions between the practices introduced by Member States and European legislation, while also highlighting the limitations of effective remedies to challenge ... 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